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THE RANGE OF ELECTED AND ADMINISTRATIVE POLITICAL POSITIONS HELD BY WOMEN IN 25 REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN REPUBLICS WAS EXAMINED. WOMEN HAVE BEEN ELECTED TO THE REGIONAL COMMITTEE BUREAUS IN ONLY 16 OF THE REGIONS SINCE 1955. MORE THAN HALF OF THE WOMEN AT ALL LEVELS OF THE REGIONAL LIERARCHY CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS INDOCTRINATION SPECIALISTS.

THE AUTHOR EXAMINES THE BACKGROUNDS AND POSCTIONS OF A LIMITED SAMPLE OF PROFESSIONAL WOMEN IN THE SOVIET UNION. THE LIMITED POLITICAL CAREER POTENTIAL OF MOST SOVIET WOMEN AND THEIR GENERAL EXCLUSION FROM CENTRAL POLICY-MAKING LATER ON CAN BE UNDERSTOOD MAINLY AS A RESULT OF THE CAREER STIGMA ARISING FROM THEIR EARLY PREPONDERANCE IN THE MARGINAL POLITICAL ROLE OF INDOCTRINATION.

Cities are intersections of energy and health through climate change, air pollution, and resource flows. Most studies, however, build on either institutionalist or non-institutionalist approaches to energy-health interactions. Institutionalists discern the advantages of public-private partnerships, whereas the non-institutionalists analyze actor networks beyond the purview of the state. Little research has so far transcended institutionalist dimensions, to illuminate the congruence of formal and informal ways of organizing community actors using civic capacity as a resource in co-creating energy solutions for better health. The paper grounds energy-health interactions in cities in an institutional discourse, by building on the nuances of a case study in Kampala where a transient network of neighborhood groups take to scale energy-briquette making from organic waste as an incremental pathway to a cleaner city. The case study demonstrates the potential of energy-health initiatives at micro-scale in driving transitions to sustainability at city scale.

In response to the largely closed-economy assumptions of most cross-national work on economic policy-making, Open States in the Global Economy offers an outside-in framework for analyzing the way in which national economic sovereignty is affected by globalization. This framework is then applied to a detailed case study of Norway's economic policy in the postwar period. The 'Open State' framework offers a new way to interpret how external changes affect domestic policy-makers and their preferences.

Argues that the Nordic elite decision to link their respective currencies to an European Currency Unit (ECU) basket is consistent with a Trojan horse strategy for membership in the European Union (EU). Alternative explanations for ECU linkage are tested, & it is shown that elites used their control over exchange rate regime choices to facilitate greater EU participation, in spite of the hesitancy voiced by domestic constituents. Robert D. Putnam's (1988) two-level metaphor is amended to accommodate a bargaining situation where negotiators have independent policy preferences, providing seven lessons for negotiators willing to manipulate win-set contours & affect public support. These lessons are juxtaposed with Nordic decisions to link their currencies to an ECU basket, & it is concluded that the linkage can be explained in terms of, & is consistent with, a strategy based on EU ambitions. 3 Tables, 1 Figure, 37 References. Adapted from the source document.

Recent disease outbreaks have demonstrated the severe health, economic and political crises that epidemics can trigger. The rate of emergence of infectious diseases is accelerating and, with deepening globalisation, pathogens are increasingly mobile. Yet the 2014-2015 West African Ebola epidemic exposed major gaps in the world's capacity to prevent and respond to epidemics. In the midst of the world's second largest ever recorded Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, we reflect on six of the many lessons learnt from the epidemic in West Africa, focusing on progress made and the challenges ahead in preparing for future threats. While Ebola and other emerging epidemics will remain a challenge in the years to come, by working in partnership with affected communities and across sectors, and by investing in robust health systems, it is within our power to be better prepared when they strike.

Community and stakeholder engagement (CSE) are central to conducting multicenter health research. Multicenter studies are, however, considerably more complex because they involve a geographically diverse pool of participants and researchers, making uniform application of CSE strategies difficult. This article describes a framework to achieve CSE based on the experiences of a conducting a multicenter study in Southern Africa. The CSE framework is divided into three phases: before research commences, during, and after the study. This CSE framework offers a practical step-by-step guide on the operational aspects of CSE in a multicenter study. The framework shows the importance of consistent monitoring and evaluation during implantation of CSE.

Vulnerable rural communities face climate change-related shifts in rainfall patterns, particularly droughts and floods. The study investigated how Ntalale ward households in Gwanda district of Zimbabwe interpret climate change and adapt to its stressors in the context of the Zimbabwean political economy. Focus group discussions and interviews collected qualitative data. The community has experienced the following climate change-related risks: droughts, floods, heatwave and intra-seasonal rainfall variability. Droughts were reported to be occurring more frequent in the past 25 years as compared to the period before 1991. Ntalale area experienced floods in the 2002–2003 rainy season only. Respondents generally perceived that the rainy season had changed in the past 5 years, with the season now beginning in December and ending in March. The households have resorted to shifting cultivation practices, replanting, use of wetlands in preference to upland fields, changing of seed varieties or crops, selling of livestock and informal trading as coping strategies. Although non-governmental organisations have assisted the community to set up irrigation schemes, a few selected community members have benefited from the initiative. The Ntalale community has experienced four climate change-related risks and institutions have assisted the community. It is recommended that cooperation between households and institutions is key in developing stakeholder-driven adaptation strategies. ; https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v10i1.419

Social democracy in the European Union is examined, focusing on models to apply to the Nordic system. Traditional models of social democracy are viewed in terms of the internal balance encouraged by active government intervention. Addressed are the policy dilemmas faced by the government as capital mobility has increased to unprecedented levels, making traditional macroeconomic policies less efficient. An explanation is presented for the delay between increased international capital mobility & the increased rates of unemployment in Nordic social democracies. An exchange rate adjustment is suggested to help overcome policy dilemmas & secure external balance. 3 Figures, 50 References. S. Jameson

In Zimbabwe, a broad-ridge and broad-furrow tillage system was promoted by the state, scientists and a nongovernmental organisation for its presumed agronomic and environmental viability and economic returns for small farmers. Zungwi vlei, a wetland of value to the community was transformed from a common use natural resource into a limited access broad-ridge and broad-furrow irrigation landscape that benefited a small number of people. Our study sought to understand conflicts over natural resources access, use and management arising from this land use change. The study adopted mixed methods combining qualitative and quantitative data collection tools. The results indicated the presence of a wide range of internal and external conflicts following the transformation of the landscape. Prior to the transformation, low levels of conflict were noted. We concluded that despite the ability of the broad-ridge and furrow tillage system to boost agricultural productivity per square meter, it triggered considerable resource use conflicts as fewer families directly benefited from the innovation.Key words: Development, vlei, agricultural technology, resources conflict, political ecology, Zimbabwe